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- All ChemPaths
- GenChem Textbook
- Introduction: The Ambit of Chemistry
- Atoms, Molecules, and Chemical Reactions
- Macroscopic Properties and Microscopic Models
- The Atomic Theory
- Macroscopic and Microscopic Views of a Chemical Reaction
- Testing the Atomic Theory
- Atomic Weights
- The Amount of Substance: Moles
- The Mole
- The Amount of Substance
- The Avogadro Constant
- The Molar Mass
- Formulas and Composition
- Balancing Chemical Equations
- Using Chemical Equations in Calculations
- The Structure of Atoms
- Groups of Related Elements
- The Periodic Table
- Valence
- Exceptions to the Periodic Law
- Implications of Periodicity for Atomic Theory
- The Nuclear Atom
- Radiation
- The Electron
- The Nucleus
- Atomic Structure and Isotopes
- Isotopes
- Transmutation and Radioactivity
- Average Atomic Weights
- Measurement of Atomic Weights
- The Electronic Structure of Atoms
- Electrons and Valence
- Lewis Diagrams
- The Wave Nature of the Electron
- Wave Mechanics
- The Uncertainty Principle
- Electron Waves in the Hydrogen Atom
- Orbitals
- Quantum Numbers
- Coulomb's Law
- Potential Energy
- Electron Density and Potential Energy
- Atoms Having More Than One Electron
- Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium
- Beryllium, Boron, Carbon
- Electron Configurations
- Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
- Chemical Bonding - Electron Pairs and Octets
- Ionic Bonding
- Energy and the Formation of Ions
- The Ionic Crystal Lattice
- Ions and Noble-Gas Electron Configurations
- Periodic Variation of IE and EA
- Ionization Energies
- Ionization of Transition and Inner Transition Elements
- Electron Affinities
- Binary Ionic Compounds and Their Properties
- The Octet Rule
- Physical Properties
- Chemical Properties
- The Covalent Bond
- Covalent Molecules and the Octet Rule
- Writing Lewis Structures for Molecules
- Polyatomic Ions
- Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
- Atomic Sizes
- Ionic Sizes
- Further Aspects of Covalent Bonding
- Exceptions to the Octet Rule
- The Shapes of Molecules
- Molecules with Lone Pairs
- Multiple Bonds and Molecular Shapes
- Hybrid Orbitals
- Orbital Descriptions of Multiple Bonds
- Sigma and Pi Bonds
- Polarizability
- Polar Covalent Bonds
- Electronegativity
- Polarity in Polyatomic Molecules
- Formal Charge and Oxidation Numbers
- Resonance
- Properties of Organic Compounds and Other Covalent Substances
- Covalent Compounds and Intermolecular Forces
- Dipole Forces
- London Forces
- Organic Compounds: Hydrocarbons
- Alkanes
- Cycloalkanes
- Properties of Alkanes
- Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
- Hydrogen Bonding: Water
- Ice and Water
- Organic Compounds-Some Additional Classes
- Alcohols
- Ethers
- Aldehydes and Ketones
- Carboxylic Acids
- Esters
- Organic Nitrogen Compounds
- Macromolecular Substances
- Diamond and Graphite
- Silicon Dioxide
- Synthetic Macromolecules: Some Applied Organic Chemistry
- Addition Polymers
- Condensation Polymers
- Cross-Linking
- Gases
- Properties of Gases
- Pressure
- Measurement of Pressure
- Gas Laws
- Avogadro's Law
- Boyle's Law
- Charles's Law
- Gay-Lussac's Law
- The Ideal Gas Equation
- The Law of Combining Volumes
- Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
- Postulates of the Kinetic Theory
- The Total Molecular Kinetic Energy
- Molecular Speeds
- Graham's Law of Diffusion
- The Distribution of Molecular Speeds
- Deviations from the Ideal Gas Law
- Solids, Liquids and Solutions
- Solids
- Lattices and Unit Cells
- Crystal Systems
- Closest-Packed Structures
- Liquids
- Viscosity
- Amorphous Materials: Glasses
- Phase Transitions
- Enthalpy of Fusion and Enthalpy of Vaporization
- Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium
- Boiling Point
- Critical Temperature and Pressure
- Phase Diagrams
- Solutions
- Saturated and Supersaturated Solutions
- Miscibility
- Measuring the Composition of a Solution
- Solubility and Molecular Structure
- Raoult's Law
- Chromatography
- Colligative Properties of Solutions
- Boiling and Freezing Points
- Osmotic Pressure
- Colloids
- Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
- Ions in Solution (Electrolytes)
- Precipitation Reactions
- Hydration of Ions
- Hydrogen and Hydroxide Ions
- Acid-Base Reactions
- Acids
- Bases
- Strong Acids and Bases
- Weak Acids
- Weak Bases
- Amphiprotic Species
- Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
- Lewis Acids and Bases
- Redox Reactions
- Oxidation Numbers and Redox Reactions
- Balancing Redox Equations
- Common Oxidizing Agents
- Common Reducing Agents
- Substances Which Are Both Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
- Redox Couples
- Chemistry of the Representative Elements
- Chemical Equilibrium
- The Equilibrium State
- The Equilibrium Constant
- The Law of Chemical Equilibrium
- The Equilibrium Constant in Terms of Pressure
- Calculating the Extent of a Reaction
- Successive Approximation
- Predicting the Direction of a Reaction
- The Effect of a Change in Pressure
- The Effect of a Change in Temperature
- Effect of Adding a Reactant or Product
- The Molecular View of Equilibrium
- Ionic Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions
- Thermodynamics: Atoms, Molecules and Energy
- Heat Capacities
- Heat Capacity and Microscopic Changes
- Internal Energy
- Thermodynamic Terms and Conventions
- Enthalpy
- Measuring the Enthalpy Change
- State Functions
- Standard Pressure
- Bond Enthalpies
- Bond Enthalpies and Exothermic or Endothermic Reactions
- Fossil Fuels and the Energy Crisis
- Photosynthesis
- Entropy and Spontaneous Reactions
- Spontaneous Processes and Molecular Probability
- Atoms, Molecules, and Probability
- Rates of Spontaneous Processes
- Thermodynamic Probability W and Entropy
- Getting Acquainted with Entropy
- Standard Molar Entropies
- Dependence of S on Molecular Structure
- Some Trends In Entropy Values
- Entropy Changes in Gaseous Reactions
- Entropy, Randomness, and Disorder
- Measuring the Entropy
- Including the Surroundings
- The Free Energy
- Maximum Useful Work
- Equilibrium Constants Revisited
- Electrochemical Cells
- Electrolysis
- Electrolysis of Brine
- Aluminum Production
- Refining of Copper
- Electroplating
- Quantitative Aspects of Electrolysis
- Galvanic Cells
- Cell Notation and Conventions
- Electromotive Force of Galvanic Cells
- Storage Batteries
- Fuel Cells
- Galvanic Cells and Free Energy
- Cells at Non-Standard Conditions
- Chemical Kinetics
- Nuclear Chemistry
- Naturally Occurring Radioactivity
- Radioactive Series
- Artificially Induced Nuclear Reactions
- Bombardment with Positive Ions
- Neutron Bombardment
- Further Modes of Decay
- Nuclear Stability
- The Rate of Radioactive Decay
- Instruments for Radiation Detection
- Units of Radiation Dose
- Uses of Artificial Isotopes
- Mass-Energy Relationships
- Nuclear Fission
- Nuclear Power Plants
- Breeder Reactors
- Nuclear Fusion
- Molecules in Living Systems
- The Elements of Life
- The Building Blocks of Biochemistry
- Fats and Lipids
- Nonpolar Lipids
- Polar Lipids
- Carbohydrates
- Simple Sugars
- Disaccharides
- Polysaccharides
- Proteins
- Polypeptide Chains
- The Amino Acids
- Primary Protein Structure
- Secondary Protein Structure
- Higher-Order Structure
- Nucleic Acids
- Nuceic Acid Structure
- The Double Helix
- Information Storage
- DNA Replication
- Transcription and Translation
- Spectra and Structure of Atoms and Molecules
- Metals
- Quick Resources
- Glossary
- Physical Constants
- Atomic Radii and Ionic Radii
- General Rules for Predicting Electron Configurations
- Ground State Electron Configurations
- Covalently Bonded Polyatomic Ions
- Table of Electronegativities
- Rules for Finding Oxidation Numbers
- Postulates of the Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Ionization Energies and Electron Affinities
- Table of Some Standard Enthalpies of Formation at 25°C
- Table of Molar Enthalpies of Fusion and Vaporization
- Table of Standard Molar Entropies
- Series of Oxidation Activity for Some Common Metals
- Table of Solubility Products for Some Sparingly Soluble Salts at 25°C
- Table of Some Standard Free Energies of Formation at 298.15 K (25°C)
- Table of Standard Reduction Potentials
- Table of Acid and Base Constants
- Periodic Table Live!